ms Essays (486 words) - James Madison, United States Constitution

The Constitution Constitution is a set of rules and regulations drafted to protect and govern a state or a country. In the case of America, it did not come easily. It took educated, wealthy and brave men to make that decision. In those days, majority tyranny was the other of the day, unlike lately where just a hand full of people care about what the government does. At a point the citizens will rebel, as in the case of Shay?s rebellion that took place in Massachusetts. Farmers were being incarcerated for defaulting in the payment of mortgages and other taxes. Their properties were foreclosed and later seized by the banks. The farmers, through the leadership of a former revolutionary war officer Captain Daniel Shays, prevented the State judge from entering the courthouse. The motive behind this act is to prevent the judge from issuing arrest warrants. This rebellion challenged the constitution, then known as the articles of confederation. The loop holes were later fixed regarding the short comings of the articles, which we now have as the constitution. Even though the constitution at that time, was challenged by people like judge Thurgood Marshal and progressive historian Charles Beared, for being andocentric, racially biased, and a conspiracy to protect immediate and personal economic interests of the framers, it was not necessarily based on th at. Rather it was a good work of educated and dedicated citizens. It is very interesting how the constitution provided checks and balances on its institutions. For this reason none of the institutions will lord over the other. During last summer, one night I went with my cousin to a Conner store about eleven pm, to get a chilled bottle of Becks. My impatience led me to start drinking while we were walking. We stood at a point and were chatting, out of nowhere the undercover police pulled over, my cousin took to his heels but I stood. As though a dream, I was hand cuffed. After a few minutes of chasing around the block, my cousin gave up and was also hand cuffed, we both found ourselves at the prescinct, we were scared as rats. Later we were given our charges and were freed. We had to go pay twenty dollars as a fine for drinking outside at the criminal court. Sometimes we read and hear stories but to experience it is a different story. This experience made me appreciate and not take for granted any little law that is set as part of the constitution. We could have paid our fine right at the precinct if we were in other countries such as Africa, but the separation of power in the constitution as drafted by th e founding fathers, led us to be referred to the judiciary after the law enforcement had done its part. The constitution is such an interesting set of law if we are to abide by them.

Free Essays on Music Piracy

Ever since we were little, we have been taught that stealing is wrong. When we were caught in the act, we were punished. But what happens when we are presented with something we want and there is no one around to see us take it? Many of us would take it because they feel they aren’t going to be caught and with this freedom of mind, we take it guilt free. Music piracy has been steadily growing and the idea of not getting caught has provoked more and more people to try it. The government has recently been making a conscious effort to try and downplay this new fad of illegal file sharing. Music piracy is not only stealing music, but it is stealing copyrighted art and money from the artist. People think that no one will noticed they were taking the music, but the fact is many people are being affected. Music piracy is harming to everyone as a society because not only is it unethical, but it takes money from the artists and labels. Music piracy is a new era in which people can download a song or file over the internet by a music sharing system. Many services online, like Napster or Limewire, provide people with a link to all their favorite songs. What most music people download is copyrighted material by the artist. â€Å"Copyright is a property right given to producers of creative expression. Copyright does not protect ideas or facts, but it protects works of literature, music, drama, art, sound recordings, photography, movies, software and other original works of authorship.†(Gauntlett 196).This means that the artists have a special right over the use of their creation and if people want to use it, there is usually a payment of some sort. People using the internet to get their music for free are stealing from the artist. Napster, in 2001, was taken to court by artists that were frustrated with the service the program was providing. Napster went under as a business and lost a lot of its money, but tha t did not stop other file sharing p... Free Essays on Music Piracy Free Essays on Music Piracy Ever since we were little, we have been taught that stealing is wrong. When we were caught in the act, we were punished. But what happens when we are presented with something we want and there is no one around to see us take it? Many of us would take it because they feel they aren’t going to be caught and with this freedom of mind, we take it guilt free. Music piracy has been steadily growing and the idea of not getting caught has provoked more and more people to try it. The government has recently been making a conscious effort to try and downplay this new fad of illegal file sharing. Music piracy is not only stealing music, but it is stealing copyrighted art and money from the artist. People think that no one will noticed they were taking the music, but the fact is many people are being affected. Music piracy is harming to everyone as a society because not only is it unethical, but it takes money from the artists and labels. Music piracy is a new era in which people can download a song or file over the internet by a music sharing system. Many services online, like Napster or Limewire, provide people with a link to all their favorite songs. What most music people download is copyrighted material by the artist. â€Å"Copyright is a property right given to producers of creative expression. Copyright does not protect ideas or facts, but it protects works of literature, music, drama, art, sound recordings, photography, movies, software and other original works of authorship.†(Gauntlett 196).This means that the artists have a special right over the use of their creation and if people want to use it, there is usually a payment of some sort. People using the internet to get their music for free are stealing from the artist. Napster, in 2001, was taken to court by artists that were frustrated with the service the program was providing. Napster went under as a business and lost a lot of its money, but tha t did not stop other file sharing p...

Animal testing should not be banned Research Paper

Animal testing should not be banned - Research Paper Example Since the Roman Church had burned dissecting of human beings, researchers opted to go the animal way as they provided the best alternatives to human being and indeed, animal testing should not be forbidden considering that animal testing is beneficial for science field. One of the primary reasons of performing animal experiment is that animal testing is beneficial for science field. Scientists and doctors argue that every achievement in medical field in 20th century has relied on the use of animals in some way. Thus, scientists have prior knowledge and experience of using animal testing in carrying out experiments for many years (â€Å"National Academics Press† 12.) First, animal testing plays an essential role in developing the surgical field. According to Cooke (18), toxicologists have the responsibility of determining the level of exposure that is either safe or harmful to human health, animals as well as to the environment. Certain reasons make it necessary to use animals in scientific research and testing. By the fact that the composition of all organisms is chemical, introduction of a substance into the animal interacts in various parts of the body and effects of one process could bring unexpected consequences in others. It is important to understand the relationship between dosages given to a person and those administered to different organs and body tissues. Studies conducted on a whole animal are very important for ensuring proper use of beneficial chemicals to avoid causing harmful effects to receiving organs. Laboratory tools such as tests and computers cannot make a duplicate of the phenomena and thus the only sure method of testing is the use of animals. A study on chemical interaction with living organisms normally helps scientists to unveil some of the most fascinating mysteries of living organisms functioning. There is a dynamic relationship between plants, environment, and animals. According to McCally (1), the physiological processes al low living systems process chemicals that are in constant balance with the world. Scarce information relating to these fundamental processes is available. When disturbed by increasing levels of one substance, the measure of available toxic level becomes credible (Connel, et al. 102). Toxicologists in understanding chemical toxicity of substances have developed critical knowledge. The knowledge is important in protecting human beings, animals as well as the environment from both artificial and natural exposures. Animal testing is an important procedure in ensuring drug`s safety and efficiency. All chemicals, whether harmful or otherwise, have harmful effects to people if administered in wrong proportions. Any small amount of a useful or harmful substance when administered hardly causes a detectable significance in the body of a human. According to Cooke (18), toxicologists have the responsibility of determining the level of exposure that is either safe or harmful to human health, ani mals as well as to the environment. It is important to understand the relationship between dosages given to a person and those administered to different organs and body tissues. Studies conducted on a whole animal are very important for ensuring proper use of beneficial chemicals to avoid causing harmful effects to receiving organs. The process of making medicines, beauty products, foodstuffs, and chemicals for use in the environment requires mixing of different kinds of chemicals in

No topic needed this is part of paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No topic needed this is part of - Research Paper Example This amount then helps in developing an economic structure so that the investor can afford the health expenditures in the future. Thus, the person plays a safe game by being insured. But lately, because of the recession, many people living in the United States have become unemployed because of which they are unable to renew their insurance packages. Secondly, uninsured people usually go to any physician irrespective of his expertise in the field. These physicians have no previous medical records of the person under treatment, thus they are not specialized in prescribing any sort of drugs to the person. When people intake wrong drugs, they risk their lives in the process. Wrong treatment results in side reactions, births of new diseases and outbursts of epidemics. Other than the doctor, the local government has to face all these troubles and allegations as well. When payment regarding the health insurance is not made, the cost incurred is to be covered by the hospitals of the health institutions. This results in the medical services deteriorating. Health problems are more prevalent in insured people than the insured ones. This is because the uninsured individuals resort to implementing on the medical advice taken from the local doctors. Or they try to treat themselves without any professional advice whatsoever which leads to chronic illnesses. Recent calculations show that 2 million uninsured individuals have been told that they have arthritis, 1.8 million have asthma and 1.3 million have chronic bronchitis. An additional 613,000 people have diabetes and a further 615,000 have cancer. These findings are evidence of the fact that uninsured people bear a greater risk of falling prey to chronic and deep-rooted illnesses, which is a bigger threat to the health of the nation as a whole. Many people – the number is unknown - suffer from a particular illness so they are uninsurable. One way of solving the problem of

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Technology - Essay Example For a school setup, the preeminent suggested computer placement arrangement entails the use of laboratories. In this setup, the placement of the machines should be done in the two 30-station computer labs. This method is suitable in this particular setting since the student’s improvement in learning computers can be closely scrutinized. Moreover, the vulnerability of destruction of the machines will be significantly reduced. In addition, the computer teachers are able to monitor the computers in order to avoid cases connected to theft of computers and the peripheral devices. According to the lab station method, the computers are arranged in the room in an organized manner to prevent learners and other individuals from stumbling over the peripheral devices. In the arrangement of computers, in a lab, there are three main arrangement setups. They include computers arranged in clusters of four, horse shoe facing the walls and rows of computers facing the front board (Andrew, 2010). Experts prefer the use of the horse shoe organization method. This is because the lecturer is able to move around the lab pretty effortlessly in case any novice needs aid on something (Andrew, 2010). In the horseshoe setting, the wiring method will be from the mains circuit to the feeder wires that will transmit power to the computers in the lab. In terms of security, the school should install an alarm system for the two lab rooms, and also introduce strict rules that will protect the computers from damage by the learners. Also, the arrangement setup should also consider that the lab is well aerated to prevent the machines from overheating. This will improve the effectiveness and performance of the computers (Tison, 1991). On the one hand, the school board should pick apt and learned individuals who will be responsible for maintaining the computers and the computer labs. The selection made

How to Identify Different Types of Learners

How to Identify Different Types of Learners How does a teacher identify the different types of learners in a language classroom and how best plan for this afterwards? ‘†¦plan, teach / act, observe and reflect†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Sue Davidoff and Owen van den Berg, 1990) The Observation My observation was undertaken at the British Council in Kuwait/Gulf Region[ej1]. The observation class was of mixed nationality Arabic Language speakers at Intermediate level. There were twenty students in total, 80% males to 20% females. The class comprises of 30% students, 60% working or professional people 10% homemakers others. The age range is between 20 to 55 years. The class is halfway through a 6 months language course. I observed and was involved in a 90 minute lesson focusing on vocabulary, reading and speaking. At the end the teacher answered my prepared questionnaire (see Appendix)[ej2]. The following essay consists of a brief theoretical, analytical and practical examination of learning styles and typologies in a language classroom and how best to plan for them. It includes an analysis of specific elements from the observed lesson (see Appendix for a transcript[ej3]) put in the context of theory and intended future practise. To support the lesson, the teacher used the white board, an overhead projector with one transparency and three handouts. Whole class work focused on provision of vocabulary and contextualisation of the material. The material was real and relevant to contemporary interests and cultures. The teacher used discussion starters to motivate and encourage student interest and involvement (as Allwright and Bailey advise, 1991) Responses were elicited from the class and supported through teacher modelling of pronunciation and writing on the white board. Individual work was limited. The teacher had established small groups (three to four students) aimed at balancing ethnic background and gender. Research shows the importance of understanding and catering for different learning styles and cognitive strategies. When a learning style is not catered for, the student can easily become ‘bored and inattentive, do poorly on tests, get discouraged about the course, and may conclude that they are not good at the subjects’ (Zhenhui, 2001). Various parameters have been constructed for defining student’s preferred way of learning, such as Knowles (1982) concrete, analytical, communicative and authority-orientated learning styles (cited in Richards, 1994). Another defines the groups as auditory, visual and kinaesthetic learning styles (Krause et al, 2003, pp154-155) whilst figure 1 gives a representation of student and teacher inter-reactions dependent on learning styles. Some researchers such as Richards (1994, pp.59-77) consider an individuals culture as vital to understanding learning styles. Ladson-Billings (1995) advocates a method of Culturally Responsive Teachin g which integrates cultural points of reference through out the learning process. Others disagree (Kubes, 1998, cited in Krause) and cite more universal forms of learning. This class was both interested and engaged in its learning. However, during the interview, the teacher expressed a wish that there was more time for individual tailoring. The teacher acknowledged that this would better cater for the range of learning styles. More concrete resources (actual materials eg fruit, etc) and increased use of visual aids (magazines, more transparencies, laminated pictures) may also help to convey understanding and increase retention. Two ‘tests’ were used during the class one was a linking exercise and one a reading exercise. The teacher finished the lesson with each student expressing an opinion on an article using the lessons language. Whilst these were not formal tests, they involved assessment strategies. As Nunan points out (1990, p62) assessment contributes part of the information for student evaluation. As this infers, the tools for student assessment, be they observational, formative or summative, need to balance with an understanding of the ‘bigger picture’. For example, the goal may be to allow students to understand, practise and develop their own language and learning strategies (see Hismanoglu’s exploration of Language Learning Strategies, 2000) – be they direct or indirect strategies (Oxford, 1990, p9). Most students require clear and precise scaffolding (Vygotsky, in Krause, 2003, pp60-65) to develop their metacognitive practises for making meaning. Assessme nt can act as a benchmark to the success of the learning process and show the teacher areas that need to be covered again or in a different way. There is no space here to do full justice to the impact of the learning environment upon students yet it needs inclusion for a balanced understanding of students learning styles. Suffice it to say that, as Nunan and Lamb say (1996), the teacher needs to aim for a safe, positive and progressive environment that encourages student participation, thinking and risk-taking. Much as assessment is an end result of reflection upon what one wants to define, the learning environment should be based upon a thorough understanding of theoretical aspects. For example, traditional teaching methods tended towards a unitary approach to intelligence. Contemporary theories, such as Gardner’s work on multiple intelligences (cited in Krause et al, 2003) allow for the inclusion of variable factors that define a student’s strengths and weaknesses. Many agree with Wilson’s (1998) assertion that Gardner’s MI theory helps teachers createâ€Å"†¦more personalized and diversifi ed instructional experiences† and develops â€Å"empowered learners† (http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/wilson1.htm) Figure 2. Adapted from Huitt, 2004, http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html This holistic approach agrees with an understanding of other influences upon learning, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs for example (see Figure 2), or Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems theory. These ‘ecological’ factors encourage more integrated forms of assessment and are particularly useful in understanding various forms of ‘washback’ (see Cushing Weigle, 2002) that may result. Other more structured tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indications Survey, (Myers McCaulley, 1985) may also have their place. The teacher used gender and ethnic background to balance the groups. The groups worked well together in a pro-social manner. However, Woods encourages conscious examination of an educators own attitudes, especially when the may cause subconscious actions and opinions to form (Woods, 1996). Should the two parameters of gender and ethnicity become constraints, then they are not valid means of group construction. Sometimes is appeared that not all group members contribute in their cooperative learning. However, research has shown that even those who do not appear to be so communicative do benefit to a degree from the listening and processing that this format provides. It may be that they are better at working individually and as such should have the opportunity to do so. The teacher used elements of the 3 P’s approach presentation, practise, production. However, as the lesson transcript shows, the language was expanded in what became more of a Harmer-style engage – study – activate method. I would like to list the implications for my own teaching under the following points: Use a wide range of teaching strategies and styles to ensure comprehension eg support spoken material with writing on the white board, leave the transparency up on the overhead projector, bring in concrete materials, provide visual clues, model your required responses, â€Å"set short, realistic goals and review and recycle often.† (Antonaros, 2005 ), role play, use song. Use methods according to the area you wish to cover, the materials you have prepared and present concisely and precisely. If the area is suited best to direct instruction then use it, if student-centred instruction or co-operative groups then vary accordingly. Motivation and interest are paramount, but sound understanding is the goal. Prepare your materials so that they are interesting, real, relevant, encourage thinking whilst supporting language development. Take an action research approach to (for example Wright’s, 1987, 2005) to develop a thorough understanding of my students learning and cognitive styles and my own attitudes. Use active listening to understand, modelling to improve and discussion to encourage communication Use teacher modelling strategies to develop the student’s autonomous language learning skills as exemplified by Lowes and Target (1998) in Helping Students to Learn. Providing a positive learning environment where mistakes are not derided Assign homework that re-caps and therefore re-enforces the issues covered in the lesson. Ensure equity in communication – make sure everyone has a chance to speak. â€Å"Every teacher who has taught a group of grown-ups knows that some individuals may be reluctant to speak, especially when they realize or assume that other students are more fluent.† (Turula, 2002) References Allwright, D. Bailey, K. (1991). Focus on the Language Classroom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Antonaros, S. (no date) Looking Inside and Out for the Answer to Motivating Our Learners http://www.tesolgreece.com/nl/75/7505.html) Accessed 7th February 2006 Davidoff, S., Van Den Berg, O. (1990) Changing Your Teaching. The challenge of the classroom. Pietermaritzburg: Centaur Publications Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of Mind. New York: Basic Books, Harmer, J (1998) How to Teach English. Harlow, UK: Longman Hismanoglu, M. (2000) ‘Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching’, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VI, No. 8, August 2000 Knowles, L (1982) Teaching and Reading. London, UK: National Council on Industrial Language Training. Krause, K., Bochner, S., Duchesne, S. (2003) Educational Psychology for learning and teaching. Southbank, Victoria: Thomson. Kubes, M (1998) Adaptors and innovators in Slovakia: Cognitive style and social culture. European Journal of Personality, 12(3), pp.187-198 Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). But thats just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory into Practice, 34(3), 159-165. Lowes, R. Target, F. (1998). Helping Students to Learn. London: Richmond. Malamah-Thomas, A. (987). Classroom Interaction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Nunan, D., Lamb, C. (1996). The Self-Directed Teacher. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. Oxford, R. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. New York, USA: Newbury House Publishers. Richards, J.C., Lockhart, C.L. (1994). Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Richards, J.C. Nunan, D. (eds.). Second Language Teacher Education. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Turula, A (2002) Language Anxiety and Classroom Dynamics: A Study of Adult Learners. Forum English Teaching Online, US Dept of State, Vol. 40 (2). http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol40/no2/p28.htm#top Wilson, L (1998). Whats the big attraction? Why teachers are drawn to using Multiple Intelligence Theory in their classrooms? http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/wilson1.htm Accessed 7 February 2006 Woods, D. (1996) Teacher Cognition in Language Education. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Wright, T. (1987). Classroom Management in Language Education. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Wright, T. (1987). Roles of Teachers and Learners. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Zhenhui, R. (2001) ‘Matching Teaching Styles with Learning Styles in East Asian Contexts’, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VII, No. 7, July 2001 Websites Matching teaching styles: http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Zhenhui-TeachingStyles.html accessed 3 February 2006. Language Learning Strategies: http://iteslj.org/Articles/Hismanoglu-Strategies.html accessed 3 February 2006 Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs, Huitt, 2004, http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html. Accessed 7 February 2006 Language Teaching http://www.ittmfl.org.uk/modules/effective/6a/paper6a4.pdf accessed 5 February 2006 [ej1]Where exactly, or does this remain hypothetical? [ej2]Need to verify and add number [ej3]Need to verify and add number

Benito Juarez Essay -- essays research papers

Benito Juarez was one of the most prominent and resourceful leaders in Mexico’s history. He raised the standard of living and championed the poor. However, it took Juarez half his life to become such a dominant political figure. He was born in San Paulo Guelatao in the Mexican State of Oaxaca. His parents were Indians, and he was raised a shepherd boy. His parents died when he was three, leaving Benito to his unmarried uncle. His uncle believed that the only way for him to better his place in society was to become a priest. So, on December 18, 1818, Benito at the age of twelve ran away to the city to learn. He entered the city penniless, and didn’t even speak the language. He soon got a job helping a bookbinder, and attended a parish school. He soon left the school because of discrimination, and social class divisions. He worked, and was then able to enroll in the Holy Cross Seminary. Benito did not want to become a priest, but the free education kept him there. Then, at 22 he entered the Institute of Sciences and Arts, and he studies Physics, and then law. In 1831 he finished his studies, and went to work in a law office. That same year, at age 25 he was elected to the position of city alderman. Then, in 1833 he was elected to the Oaxaca State legislature. Next, in 1834 he became the attorney for the state. Governments changed, as was characteristic in Latin America, and he was thrown in jail. He then was released, and gained support of both Libe...